Nucleic Acids and the Genetic Material Problem Set free essay sample

Frederick Griffith was using streptococcus pneumonia which is known as pneumococcus. Pneumococcus is a bacterium that can cause pneumonia. Griffith used two strains of the bacterium which is the S strain.S strain produces smooth, shiny colonies and is virulent. Virulent means highly infectious. On the other hand, the R strain which produces rough colonies and is harmless. Strain S has a polysaccharide coat which is a capsule that surrounds each cell. The R strain is genetically identical except that it carries a mutation that prevents it from making the polysaccharide coat. So the mutation in a gene affects the ability of the bacterium to make the coat. This causes the change in the virulence state of the bacterium.There are several types of S strains.Each of it comes with a significant chemical mixture of the polysaccharide coat. Griffith worked with IIS and IIS strains, which have type II and type III coats. We will write a custom essay sample on Nucleic Acids and the Genetic Material Problem Set or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The S type cells mutate into R- type cells , and the R- type cells mutate into S- type cells. The mutations are highly specific. This means that if a IIS cell mutates into an R cell , then that R cell can mutate back only into a IIS cell , not a IIIS cell.This shows that this transformation are very distinct.Griffith did experiments with mice where they are injected with different strains of the bacterium .He carefully observed the effects different strains of the bacterium on the mice. When mice were injected with IIR bacteria. R bacteria is the bacteria-derived by mutation from IIS bacteria.This is when the mice lived. When mice were injected with living IIIS bacteria, the mice died, and living IIIS bacteria could be isolated from their blood. However , if the IIIS bacteria were killed by heat before injection, the mice lived. These experiments showed that the bacteria had both to be alive and to have the polysaccharide coat to be virulent and kill the mice.In his experiment, Griffith injected mice with a mixture of living IIR bacteria and heat killed the IIIS bacteria. The mice died, and living IIIS bacteria were present in the blood. T these bacteria could not have a function by mutation of the R bacteria, because mutation would have produced IIS bacteria. After many careful experiments, Griffith concluded that hereditary material had passed from the dead bacteria to live bacteria. This changed harmless strain R bacteria into virulent strain S pathogens. He called the process involved as transformation and the hereditary material, the transforming agent.Bacteria(S.pneumoniae) injected into mice Reaction to miceLive strain R (no capsule) SurvivedLive strain S(capsule) DiedDead strain S SurvivedLive strain R+dead strain S Died

Free Essays on A & P

Sometimes reality can be distorted by an intrapersonal conflict Sometimes reality can be distorted by an intrapersonal conflict. The story â€Å"A&P† written by John Updike, illustrates how our perspective of a situation can be rearranged and become the opposite reality of what was originally perceived. â€Å"A&P† tells the story of a boy who works at a grocery store. One day some girls come in wearing only bikinis, he becomes very interested in everything these girls do. The people at the store are giving these girls dirty looks while the grocery boy is thinking in his mind that these are the sweetest girls he has ever seen. His manager comes out to tell the girls that they are doing something wrong and that he would like them to leave. As the girls are leaving the boy tells his manager that he quits, in hopes that the girls would see him quitting and he would become there hero. When the boy finally reaches the parking lot to see the girls he saved they were gone. He then realizes that when he did what he did he was not thi nking with his full capabilities. If the boy had not been so wrapped up in these half naked women he would have been able to handle the situation in a more professional manner. The problem starts at the very beginning of the story. â€Å"In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suits.† So first of he notices they were people of the opposite sex and secondly he notices they were only wearing bathing suits. â€Å"The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece.† A two piece bathing suit reveals more skin then most one piece bathing suit. While he is watching the girls he was also trying to ring up an old lady. â€Å"She’s one of those cash-register-watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made here day to trip me up.† Ok so this guy is checking out some girls and rings something up twice and he gets mad at the lady be... Free Essays on A & P Free Essays on A & P â€Å"A & P† Life’s hardest lessons are sometimes learned too little, too late. In the short story â€Å"A & P†, by John Updike, the main character, Sammy, is a nineteen year-old checker at a local grocery store in a small town just north of Boston. In a matter of a day, he goes from an immature boy with unrealistic ideas and fantasies, to a man who is about to realize how life altering the choices he makes can be. Updike does an excellent job in the portrayal of his main character, Sammy, as a typical teen-age boy working to help out his family. He leads his readers to believe that the only people who enter the store are old women or women with six children. Sammy refers to these women as sheep. His disdain comes through when the three young females, clad only in bathing suits, come into the store, throwing his attention off, while he is cashing out a woman of about fifty. His thoughts about the woman being burned in Salem, had she been born in an earlier time, reveals the resentment he feels towards his job. Sammy names the object of his adoration, Queenie, since he has determined that she is the leader of the three. He is captivated by Queenie from her oaky hair and prim face down to her feet paddling along naked. She has unknowingly put Sammy into a hypnotic state. Updike gives his readers the impression that Sammy has lived in isolation up until this one Thursday afternoon. The story takes a dramatic turn when Queenie and her followers come to Sammy’s checkout counter with a jar of Kingfish Fancy Herring Snacks. Lengel, manager of the A & P, notices the scantily clad females and says, â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach.† He may be a dreary man but, he is all about policy. As Queenie responds with, â€Å"My mother asked me to pick up a jar of herring snacks†, the sound of her voice causes Sammy to picture a fanciful life quite different from his own. He feels that she is above him and that she sho... Free Essays on A & P In Updike’s â€Å"A&P† he talks about Sammy, a teenager who quits his job because he felt bad about his manager embarrassing some girls. Well that is what I have understood when I read the story several times and that’s the impression that I have got after reading the story. When I read the story I thought that Sammy reacted the way he did to impress the girls and there are a lot of hints which made me think that way. Updike leaves Sammy’s motives open to interpretation, however the story makes more sense when one takes Sammy’s motives to be noble instead of superficial. Updike wanted his hero to be a hero not someone who wanted to be a hero to get some girls’ attention. Sammy watched the girls when they came in the store. He looked at them as guy in his age will. Sammy stared at them and was somehow attracted to them because of the way they dressed. In the moment when the manager started arguing with the girls about the way they dress, Sammy’s look to these girls changed. So, Updike tells us on the story how his hero described the girls and the way he looked and thought of them. He looked at these girls like innocents who had been treated bad my his boss. He thought about it for a while and figured out that they did not do anything to deserve such a treatment. His fast reaction which was a result of the frustration that the situation caused him was quitting his job. He decided to stand by the girls side and fight for their rights. The girls were in a hurry so he decided to tell his manager that he quits in front of them, which is a natural thing if we looked at it in another way. â€Å" so I say â€Å"I quit† to lengal quick enou gh for them to hear, hoping they’ll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero.† (117) When someone helps another people he will like these people to know that he had helped them somehow. So, Sammy reacted fast to let them know that they were not wrong and that his manager was wrong, so he said ... Free Essays on A & P Sometimes reality can be distorted by an intrapersonal conflict Sometimes reality can be distorted by an intrapersonal conflict. The story â€Å"A&P† written by John Updike, illustrates how our perspective of a situation can be rearranged and become the opposite reality of what was originally perceived. â€Å"A&P† tells the story of a boy who works at a grocery store. One day some girls come in wearing only bikinis, he becomes very interested in everything these girls do. The people at the store are giving these girls dirty looks while the grocery boy is thinking in his mind that these are the sweetest girls he has ever seen. His manager comes out to tell the girls that they are doing something wrong and that he would like them to leave. As the girls are leaving the boy tells his manager that he quits, in hopes that the girls would see him quitting and he would become there hero. When the boy finally reaches the parking lot to see the girls he saved they were gone. He then realizes that when he did what he did he was not th inking with his full capabilities. If the boy had not been so wrapped up in these half naked women he would have been able to handle the situation in a more professional manner. The problem starts at the very beginning of the story. â€Å"In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suits.† So first of he notices they were people of the opposite sex and secondly he notices they were only wearing bathing suits. â€Å"The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece.† A two piece bathing suit reveals more skin then most one piece bathing suit. While he is watching the girls he was also trying to ring up an old lady. â€Å"She’s one of those cash-register-watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made here day to trip me up.† Ok so this guy is checking out some girls and rings something up twice and he gets mad at the lady be... Free Essays on A & P Setting In A & P â€Å"A & P† by John Updike, is the story of a miserably employed young man. Using the first person point of view, Updike’s central character, Sammy, develops the setting to tell the story of how a discontented young grocer named Sammy, is thrust into the harsh realities of the adult world after making a relatively childish decision. The story is set in a conservative New England town before the sexual revolution and pre-hippies 1960s. Life tends to be stable, predictable and consistent. Sammy has recently turned nineteen years old; an age at which the stone that things were once written in, begins to erode. The late teen years tend to be the age when most people begin to have a greater sense of who they truly are. As a result, they will tend to challenge authority as well as the values and social mores that they have been told all their lives are â€Å"right†. However, this age also marks the period in life where the line between childish rebellion and asserting oneself as a responsible adult becomes blurry. The town that â€Å"A&P† is set in seems to be anything but accommodating to this period in life. The area is reminiscent of those towns such as Oxford and my hometown, Vicksburg, which have officially been declared â€Å"retirement towns†. These places offer very little in the way of careers for those who are not already â€Å"established† or even socially for those under the age of sixty. A young man in his late teens can begin to feel very out of place in an area such this. Sammy apparently does and his resentment towards this fact is evidenced in his attitudes towards his customers and his employer, Lengel. He refers to a customer who corrects him when he charges her twice for a box of crackers as a â€Å"witch†(1) who â€Å"if she’d been born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (2) He considers the customers to be â€Å"sheep†(5) and his boss a gray old man. The audie...

What Is a High School Exit Exam How Do You Pass

What Is a High School Exit Exam How Do You Pass SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many states use high school exit exams as a means of maintaining graduation standards across public high schools. In these states, exitexams are required for all public school students, and you must pass them to earn your high school diploma. It may sound scary, but they're really not all that bad. In this article, I'll go into detail on what exit exams are, what they're like, and how to make sure you pass! What Is a High School Exit Exam? A high school exit exam is a test that you must pass to receive your high school diploma.These exams typically includea math section as well as an English language arts section that incorporates reading and writing skills.Some include science and social studies sections as well.Sometimes states have a series of standardized exams administered throughout high school rather than just one.These are often called â€Å"end-of-course exams† because students are required to take them upon completion of specific high school courses in various core subjects. There are some states that require students to pass a set of end-of-course exams in addition to a comprehensive exit exam. Exit exams are popular because they provide proof that a state's high school students are meeting basic educational standards. On a school-by-school basis, they are also sources of information about the quality of education at different high schools. Exit exam results can inform educational policy decisions at the state and national level. Of course, there are those who dispute the merits of exit exams, arguing that they impose unnecessary stress on students and are essentially meaningless assessments. These detractors might make some good points about the dangers of placing too much value on exit exams, but most students still have to come to terms with the realities of testing requirements. Twenty-four states administered exit exams for the Class of 2014, but policies change from year to year.Some of these states plan on eliminating their exit exam requirements (like California, which recently suspended its administration of exit exams), whileother states plan on adding exit exams to their educational policy in the next couple of years.With the recent implementation of new Common Core Standards, there are lots of changes happening with these tests.Many states are moving towards making exit examsmore challenging to align with new curriculum benchmarks. Alas, the sun has set on the California high school exit exam (or CAHSEE). How Do Most States Administer These Exams? Each state has its own assessment system, and tests may be administered earlier or later in high school depending on the state.As an example, Texas requires students to pass two types of exit exams. The first is the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), taken in 11th grade. There is alsothe State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR), which is a set of end-of-course exams taken at various times depending on when a student finishes a course.The TAKS has sections testing language arts, math, science and social studies.The STAAR includes tests in the following subjects: English 1, 2, and 3; Algebra 1, Geometry, and Algebra 2; Biology, Chemistry, and Physics; World History, US History, and World Geography. Another example is Massachusetts, which has fewer requirements than Texas.Students are expected to pass the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) test in English language arts and math in 10th grade.Students are also required to take one end-of-course exam in biology, chemistry, introductory physics, or technology/engineering in either 9th or 10th grade.Most of these states have basic exit exams that cover math and language arts, but many of them also add end-of-course exams in other core subjects as requirements for students.I’ll discuss general exit exams in the next section (math, reading, and writing tests) that are common across all of these states. Lovely Boston, Massachusetts, proud home of the MCAS (and PrepScholar). Is It Hard to Pass an Exit Exam? Typically, high school exit exams are not very demanding tests.In most states, 80-90% of all students pass these exams.In one analysis of exit exams in Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, and Texas, it was found that the tests mostly covered material in math and language arts that students should have learned in 7th through 9th grade.Passing cutoffs are also very forgiving. You shouldn’t worry too much about your state's testif you’ve been doing well in high school.Unless you’re in the lowest 5-10% of students in your class GPA-wise, it’s highly unlikely that you will fail your exit exam. I’ll give a quick overview of what the material is like and why an exit exam isrelatively easy to pass. For math, you’ll need to know basic algebra and geometry.Most of the questions on the math sections of these tests ask you to perform a certain operation rather than challenging you to develop your own mathematical model to solve a problem.This can vary slightly across states, but, in general, the math skills required to pass are not at the more advanced level that many students reach by the end of high school. For the reading components of these exams, the focus is on basic reading comprehension, including the understanding of main ideas, vocabulary, and details in a passage. Exit exams tend tohave very few questions that require deep analysis (which is troubling considering how important this skill is for college!).For the most part, questions test lower-level reading skills like making basic inferences and recalling information from the passages.Passages typically consist of both literary and informational texts that are written at an accessible level for the majority of high school students. In the study mentioned above, across the different states, the difficulty of reading material on exit exams was roughly equivalent to that of the material on the ACT’s assessment for 8th and 9th graders.Some of it was at the same level as the 10th grade ACT assessment, but none of the questions were on par with the material tested on the real ACT. Separate writing sections are also a component of exit exams in certain states.Some states choose to assess writing skills purely by giving students an essay prompt and grading them on their responses.Many also include multiple choice questions that test basic skills in grammar and sentence structure alongside the essay requirement. Exit exams can be a hassle, but they shouldn’t stress you out if you’re doing all right in your classes.They are far less challenging than standardized tests like the SAT and ACT, and the passing cutoffs are generous. Much more generous than these cutoffs, I'll tell ya that much. What Happens If I Don’t Pass My Exit Exam? Different states have different policies for students who fail these exams.Sometimes, students are allowed to submit high school â€Å"portfolios† of their work in place of a passing score on the exam.In the majority of states, remedial instruction is offered to students who fail the exams along with retesting opportunities.Remedial classes may be held during the school day or in the summer.In most cases, students will have up to four chances to retake the test. If you're curious about the options you have if you fail your exit exam, ask a guidance counselor or teacher how your school handles these situations. How Can I Make Sure That I Pass My Exit Exam? The best way to ensure a passing score on your exit exam is to stay on top of things in your core high school classes.If you’re performing at an average level or higher (B average or greater) you should have absolutely no problem passing the exam without any preparation. If you’re worried that you’ve forgotten some of the skills that will be tested, you can always go back and review material from previous classes. For example, you might want to revisit certain algebra and geometry concepts that you learned earlier in high school.You could look over common geometrical terms and formulassince questions about how to find angle measurements within triangles and how to calculate the distance between two points (the distance formula) are common.Topics in algebra such as the properties of exponents, factoring, and properties of functions also show up on these tests. You can take a high school exit exam practice test anddo practice questions online for most of the state assessments. Ask a teacher or academic advisor for information on practice materials for your state assessment.This will help you to get a better sense of what the tests are like and how worried you should be about them.If you’re concerned about the reading and writing sections, you could try writing a practice essay based on an old prompt and doing official practice reading questions.This will help you get more familiar with the types of passages that are on the test and know how tostructure your workflow for the essay. You can practice reading the passages more efficiently if you tend to run out of time, but keep in mind that you don’t need to earn a perfect score.Unless the questions make you feel completely lost, you will probably pass your state's exit exam! As long as you have a basic sense of direction, you won't get lost. What's Next? Already thinking about your college prospects? Find out which year of high school is most important to colleges in the application process. If you're concerned about your current GPA, read my strategy guide for some pointers on how to improve. If you're working on figuring out your schedule, read this article for some advice on which high school classes you should take. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Dialogue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dialogue - Essay Example Seventh floor. Sixth. Fifth. Fourth. Third. The door opened. I said to myself â€Å"This is it†. As I walked towards the hallway, I felt conscious. It seems that everyone was looking at me although the truth is – they were all busy with their work. I stood in front of Room 305. I was about to knock on the door when it was opened by an elderly man who is actually the police inspector. His gray suit revealed his position and demeanor. He was gentle-looking but something about him revealed a tough character. He asked , â€Å" Where were you that night when the laptops were stolen?†He was searching me for any clues that might reveal my secrets. The ring on his finger showed that he belonged to a secret society. â€Å" I was at home entertaining friends†. Obviously, it was a lie. However, I can easily ask my friends to cover for me and testify that they were with me that fateful night. I added, â€Å"One of my close friends celebrated his birthday at my place. Besides, at that time of the night, I am usually home relaxing on any given weekday.† I was trying to evaluate what I have said. Was there any clue that I was defensive? I hope not. He was suspicious of what I said. â€Å" You mean to say you do not spend overtime?† Apparently, he was not satisfied with my previous statements. â€Å"It is highly unlikely that you don’t stay late in the office since you are a busy man in a busy department.† A mixed feeling of fear and guilt was inside my chest. I could hear my heart beating loud. Nevertheless, I defended myself by saying† Am I not allowed to relax after work?†. I knew it was an indirect answer. Suddenly, the room was getting

Engaging children through the use of cartoons and comics Essay

Engaging children through the use of cartoons and comics - Essay Example Youth responses to these articles indicated that their current developmental stage and learning capabilities would only allow learning to be effective if the comic characters used in the classroom were interactive and devoid of complex vocabulary and scenarios. Children in early adolescence are intrinsically motivated, meaning that they are motivated by the positive outcomes associated with a specific activity (Morris & Maisto, 2005). This is why the children responded so effectively to the comic images as it provided not only a learning experience, but fulfilled their need for stimulating images and imaginary role identity. Youths in this stage of development have not yet developed the ability to rationalize abstractly (Huitt & Hummel, 2003), therefore this article case study reinforces that intrinsic, visual motivational elements that create positive sensations are effective in the modern classroom. References: Huitt, W. & Hummel, J. (2003). [internet] Piaget’s theory of cog nitive development [accessed 3.7.2011 from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/piaget.html] Morris, C.G. & Maisto, A.A. (2005). Psychology: An Introduction, 12th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall.

The Los Angeles Dodgers and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Essay Example for Free

The Los Angeles Dodgers and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Essay Despite the competition derived from proximity, the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Anaheim Angel both maintain financial success. Rather than one team dominating the market in ticket sales, both have a profitable organization. Every year, both teams manage to generate a substantial revenue – despite sharing a city. The population forms an allegiance with one team or the other for a multitude of reasons. The Los Angeles Dodgers had an average attendance of 51,396 fans per game in 2009 (sportsnetwork. com, 2010). The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim’s average attendance was 40,005 in 2009 (sportsnetwork. com, 2010). While there is a substantial difference between the average ticket sales of both teams, other factors can account for this such as stadium size and winning streaks. For example, the Angels only have a seating capacity of 45,050 while Dodger stadium has a seating capacity of 56,000. For example, a winning streak that could lead to future playoff games and a potential spot in the World Series, the ticket sales will naturally increase for that particular team. This is true of teams that are distanced far apart as well. Proximity is merely one of several factors that contribute to the financial success of a baseball team. The Los Angeles Dodgers have a team value of $632 million and their yearly revenue is about $211 million (forbes. com, 2007). The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim have a team value of $431 million and a yearly revenue of $187 million (forbes. com, 2007). Second, which is the major part, discuss the Marginal Cost and the Marginal Benefit of both teams. also, discuss some issues that could affect their marginal cost and their marginal benefit. There are many times in which marginal cost and marginal benefit can affect the team. If one piece of merchandise outsells another piece of merchandise, the manufacturer will produce less of the unpopular product and produce more of the item that has high sales. In the case of the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, if one team is losing more games than the other, there could be an increased number of consumers buying tickets to the winning team’s games. The substitution of goods effect would take place in fans without an allegiance to either the Los Angeles Dodgers or the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. For example, if the ticket prices are lower for one team than the other, and a family merely wants a fun afternoon watching a baseball game, the consumer would choose the lower price tickets. This is assuming the consumer has no preference for the specific teams. As the consumers in the stands buy beers and purchase hotdogs, they are eventually affected by the law of diminishing utility. In other words, as the consumer ingests more hotdogs, he will become satiated and each subsequent hot dog will be less enjoyable. As a result, the consumer will be less inclined to buy more. There are many factors that can affect the supply and demand of the market for ticket sales. Increasing the number of seats affects the aggregate supply the manager can offer fans. On a supply and demand curve, the supply would shift to the right in this scenario. An occasion to increase the number of seats would be a sold-out stadium each game. This would likely cause the owners of the stadium to try to increase the supply of seats to meet the demand of the ticket holders. Another factor that could increase the supply is a increase in the amount of merchandise offered. Usually the increase in supply is prompted by an increased demand, unless the merchandise could suddenly be produced at a cheaper cost to the manufacturer.

Letter to Soldier :: War Writing Papers

Letter to Soldier When faced with obstacles in life, people rely on their family and friends to give them support and encouragement. Sometimes, family members can seem harsh and unkind, but their intentions are sincerely good. Mothers will always disapprove of their son’s choice in girlfriends, but she will shed tears of joy at the wedding. Fathers will never like their sons-in-law, but they still tell their daughters that they will find the perfect man. Thirty-year old men will always be treated as if they were ten by their mothers. It has been this way for centuries in our society. A letter from a worried mother to her son, a soldier in the Confederate Army, proved this point. While this young man was, by that time’s standard, an adult, his mother still felt the need to keep her child safe. Aside from the content and ideas relayed in the letter, the document itself is a powerful item from American in history. Reading about a person or event in history is a good experience; a powerful experience, however, is to hold history in your hand and listen to people in their own words. Discovering the story and history behind this letter proved to be even more rewarding than holding and reading the letter itself. Expecting to find a few, uninteresting facts about this Civil War Era, I found that this letter brought to life five southern boys that were thrown off the farm and into battle. The letter also helps to illuminate the way a society lived while it told a story of a mother, her sons, and several friends On January 6, 1863, a mother sat down and wrote her son a letter. The author of the letter was a forty-five year old woman named Kerney A. Stocks. She was writing to her son, John, who was a soldier in the Civil War. From what she mentioned in the letter, she was a very passionate woman. She made some very blatant remarks concerning her feelings toward her son’s behavior. For example, Mrs. Stocks says, â€Å"I feel [sort of] mad this morning because I did not get no letter from you yesterday,† expressing her displeasure to her son. Kerney Stocks was more than likely a middle class woman, since she could read and write.